Lauren+L.+and+Lisa


 * DO NOT DELETE THIS LINK: Lauren L. and Lisa's Progress

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Girls, I think you nearly have enough research. You need to do a search for the following:**


 * **dogs color vision**
 * That should probably give you the last bit you need to know before you form a hypothesis.**

Print all your research and highlight important info. Then write your hypothesis.

[|http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070321203217AABWPaB]

[|http://www.smalldogsparadise.com/health-care/how-much-water-does-my-dog-need/]

[|http://www.seefido.com/html/how_much_water_should_my_dog_d.htm]


 * [[image:http://www.smalldogsparadise.com/images/icon/water.jpg width="150" height="150" caption="water"]] ||
 * water ||

How Much Water Does My Dog Need To Drink A Day?
This varies from dog to dog and also from activity to activity. Just like us, dogs needs more water during hot days or when they’ve engaged in vigorous activities. Another consideration is their diet. Dogs whose diet consists mainly on dry food (kibbles) are likely to drink more than those who are on canned or wet food feed. For healthy dogs under 20 lbs, their daily water requirement is **1 cup (8oz) per five pounds** of its body weight.

" **Example One.** An 8lb adult Shih Tzu whose daily activities consist of one 20-minute slow walk and some light indoor activities, he would need approximately 1½ cup (12oz) of water per day to maintain a proper level of body fluids.

The source of water doesn’t have to come strictly in liquid (H 2 O) form. If the dog gets an afternoon snack—foods that are rich in water content (i.e. apple), this would also contribute part of his water intake for that day. Keep in mind, the above equation is not feasible for dogs who weigh over 20 lbs. To get the exact daily water amount they need it would have to be calculated base on the dog’s daily calories necessity. In formula, ALL healthy dogs’ daily water requirement in milliliters is approximately equal to their daily energy requirements in calories.

**Sometimes my dog drinks more than usual:** To feed a dog requires some learning. As well as you, the dog has to learn to feed himself properly. Be sure your dog has always a clean water bowl available, and renew it regularly. There is not a fixed amount of water the dog can drink daily. It depends on several reasons, like diet, temperature, and how much exercise he does. Usually, dogs with a dry diet will drink more to compensate the water deficit of his food. Due to hot temperatures and exercises, his need of water will increase. You can't even know how much water he drinks, because you cannot trust the water bowls. Unfortunately, dogs tend to drink from other sources, like ponds, when going for a walk, and from the toilet.  The latter is particularly dangerous, especially if there are chemical products as lye. Keep the bathroom door closed and keep the toilet lid down. Watch the amount of liquid your dog drinks, filling the bowl with a certain measure, and checking how much is left at the same time the next day. There are many medical problems that can drive your dog to drink more than usual, so if that's the case rush to the veterinarian. As reference, a dog with the weight of a Cocker Spaniel should drink an average of two cups when fed with canned food. Never refuse to give him water, even if he is incontinent, because he needs to replace the excessive loss of water in his body The only circumstances when you better don't give him water, is when he is vomiting, because water may produce more of that, and a bigger lost of vital body salts. On the contrary, there are moments when you'll have to encourage him to drink, for instance, when he has an infection in the urinary zone, or gall stones. The amount of water he drinks can be reduced giving him milk. Using the nursing bottle to feed puppies is now usual. But, remember, milk is not basic, and not all dogs can digest it properly. Don't try to give him some alcoholic liquids; this is potentially harmful, and dogs like human beings can become addicts, with similar consequences. If you're going to the beach take some fresh water and a bowl for your dog. Especially on hot days he could try to drink sea water, which can be deadly, due to saline intoxication. **7 FACTS ABOUT DRINKING WATER FOR DOG**

1. Dogs need water to sustain.Dogs must be fed fresh water at least 3 times a day. It is said they need at least 2ml for every pound he weighs or at least 2.5 times amount of the daily food it consumes. 2. More water needs to be provided when your dog eats more of dry food. Water requirement is not as much for raw or canned food. 3. Dogs prefer cold water. The temperature of water needs to be decided according to weather, amount of exercise, degree of exercise, age and how much your dog's kidneys can hold. 4. Snow as a substitute for water is unacceptable and can be dangerous as it is contaminated. You can give homemade ice cubes as treats if your dog likes frozen water. 5. During housebreaking put down the water bowl for about 10 minutes and give about 3-4 hours and take your puppy out. Give your puppy water about 3 hours before bedtime. 6. Pay attention to how much water your dog drinks. If your dog drinks unusually more or less than it normal volume of water, it can be signs of being unwell. 7. Do not allow your dog to drink large amounts of water after physical activity or exercise to avoid water intoxication.


 * Example Two.** A dog who weighs 65 lbs would require approximately 1450 milliliters (6.1 cups/49 oz) of water daily instead of 13 cups or 104 oz base on the formal equation.

Many authorities have stated that "dogs are colorblind", with the implication that dogs perceive only black, white, and shades of grey. In fact, this was not known for certain, but became "folklore". Then, in the late 1980s, a definitive set of experiments was done at the University of California, Santa Barbara, by what may well be the world's foremost research program on comparative color vision. I played a very small part in this study, in that I volunteered my two Italian Greyhounds, "Flip" and "Gypsy", for the study. A third dog, a toy [|Poodle]named "Retina", was volunteered by her owner, who was also one of the researchers. All three dogs were beloved family pets, both before and after the studies. To define canine color vision, each dog was placed into a box facing a display of three round light panels in a horizontal row. Beneath each light panel was a cup. A computer provided combinations of different colored lights in the three panels. Two were always the same color, while the third was different. Over a series of some 4,000 trials, each dog was taught to "find the one that's different". Every correct choice was rewarded with a [|dog treat]in the cup beneath the correct choice. Every wrong choice meant that no treat was forthcoming, from any cup. All three dogs were so food-driven that they weren't even starved for the tests. Mine loved their "lab days" and would practically drag me onto the elevator to get to the box!

When it was clear that each dog understood the test, some 200-400 tests were run per session, over a period of weeks. This provided a large data set on which statistics could be run. If the dog //couldn't// tell two colors apart and was just guessing, s/he would be right, on average, only 33% of the time (one out of three possible choices). If the dog //could// tell two colors apart, s/he would be right much more often.

To ensure that the dogs were identifying the different panel based on color alone, the position of the different colored panel was randomly moved around (left, middle, or right) and the relative brightness of each light was also randomized. The key publication describing this classic work is: J. Neitz, T. Geist, and G.S. Jacobs (1989), "Color vision in the dog", //Visual Neuroscience// Vol. 3, pages 119-125.

These experiments showed that dogs do see color, but in a more limited range than that seen by normal humans, who see the rainbow of colors described by "VIBGYOR": Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, and Red (plus hundreds of variations on these shades). Instead, dogs see "VIBYYYR" (Violet, Indigo, Blue, Yellow, Yellow, Yellow, and Red). The colors Green, Yellow, and Orange all look alike to dogs; but look different from Red and different from the various Blues and Purples. Dogs are very good at telling different shades of VIB apart. Finally, Blue-Green looks White to dogs.

The simple explanation for these differences in color vision is this. The retinas of normal humans have three (3) types of color receptors, called "cones". Each cone type is particularly sensitive to light of a narrow limit within the entire VIBGYOR range. That means that three different "cone lines" of communication run back to the visual part of the brain, which then compares the weight of the signals coming in from each of cone "line". Different weights produce a perception of different colors. In dogs (and in "green-blind" humans), there are only two (2) types of cones, so there is less basis for comparison by the brain, and thus the perceived color range is more limited. In sum, dog color vision is "color-limited", not "color-blind".

To better understand the difference between VIBGYOR and VIBYYYR, consider what a dog would see in each of the following color combinations.

Humans See: Dogs See How can we put this information to use as dog trainers? First, we have to recognize that //color is just one aspect of a visual scene as perceived by a dog//. There are two other aspects that are just as important, if not more so.

The first of these is motion. Think of a green lizard motionless on a leafy branch in the tropics. Both you //and// your dog would have a hard time seeing it - until it moved! Think back to your dog chasing a green tennis ball against green grass. He can follow it fine, even though there is no color difference on which to cue. Objects moving at a moderate rate of speed are, in general, easier to spot than motionless objects.

The second of these is contrast (that is, outline against background). A stationary object that has a very distinct and very different shape from its background is easier to spot, while one that is patterned like its background will blend in. That's the principle of the camouflage clothing worn by hunters. Yes, it's the color of the woods, but more importantly, camo breaks up the human body's outline against the patchy background scene of branches, leaves, and underbrush. Even small movements are harder to see when an object's outline blurs with its background.

The third is color. Back to hunters for a moment; ever wonder how we get away with wearing screaming hunter's orange hats with our camouflage jackets and pants? Deer are probably like dogs (VIBYYYR): to them, orange is not different from the green or brown undergrowth, and a hat doesn't give a terribly distinctive shape. As a color, safety orange sticks out like a sore thumb to humans, but not to dogs or deer.

So, to maximize an object's visibility to a dog, we should strive to combine: (1) moderate motion (when feasible); (2) maximal contrast (a dark and white pattern unlike that of the background scene); and (3) stand-out color (one that is identifiable by dogs and does not occur very often in the background scene). The best of all possible worlds for most background scenes would be boldly-patterned Bright Purple and White objects objects.

=[|�6�]= The question if dogs are colorblind, specifically red-green colorblind or if dogs only see shades of gray is raised among dog owners quite often. Even on the internet the question concerning dog vision is discussed controversial. But there is a simple answer to that question which I would like to share with you supported by some scientific resources. Actually there are two distinct questions which I would like to ask, answer and set in relation hereafter: Let me explain this two answers to you a bit more in detail. Dogs can see colors Dogs not only see in shades of gray but also can see distinct colors contrary to what most people belief. About one hundred years ago some scientific tests were made to find out more about the color vision of dogs. But these tests weren’t that scientific as they thought and the researchers concluded only that color vision doesn’t play a part in the daily life of a dog. Only about 90 years later distinct researches have shown that dogs can perceive colors. Neitz, Geist and Jacobs researched in 1989 the color vision of domestic dogs and found the following facts: This results were support by later researches of Jacobs with colleagues in 1993 and Miller and Murphy in 1995. Dogs are colorblind This directly leads us to the second question concerning the color blindness of dogs. Colorblind doesn’t relate to not see any colors but describes the fact that you can’t see the same color range as somebody with normal vision. Because of that any kind of color vision deficiency is called color blindness. Therefore dogs are colorblind because of their dichromatic color vision. Colors dogs can’t distinguish Actually the color spectrum made up of wavelengths of light is the same to all of us. Only the perception of those colors can be quite different. As dogs only have two different color receptors in their eyes they have problems to distinguish certain colors: The list is not completed and there are a lot of different shades which can’t be differentiated if you are colorblind. And the conclusion is dogs can see colors but are at the same time colorblind.
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The question if dogs are colorblind, specifically red-green colorblind or if dogs only see shades of gray is raised among dog owners quite often. Even on the internet the question concerning dog vision is discussed controversial. But there is a simple answer to that question which I would like to share with you supported by some scientific resources. Actually there are two distinct questions which I would like to ask, answer and set in relation hereafter: Let me explain this two answers to you a bit more in detail. Dogs can see colors Dogs not only see in shades of gray but also can see distinct colors contrary to what most people belief. About one hundred years ago some scientific tests were made to find out more about the color vision of dogs. But these tests weren’t that scientific as they thought and the researchers concluded only that color vision doesn’t play a part in the daily life of a dog. Only about 90 years later distinct researches have shown that dogs can perceive colors. Neitz, Geist and Jacobs researched in 1989 the color vision of domestic dogs and found the following facts: This results were support by later researches of Jacobs with colleagues in 1993 and Miller and Murphy in 1995. Dogs are colorblind This directly leads us to the second question concerning the color blindness of dogs. Colorblind doesn’t relate to not see any colors but describes the fact that you can’t see the same color range as somebody with normal vision. Because of that any kind of color vision deficiency is called color blindness. Therefore dogs are colorblind because of their dichromatic color vision. Colors dogs can’t distinguish Actually the color spectrum made up of wavelengths of light is the same to all of us. Only the perception of those colors can be quite different. As dogs only have two different color receptors in their eyes they have problems to distinguish certain colors: The list is not completed and there are a lot of different shades which can’t be differentiated if you are colorblind. And the conclusion is dogs can see colors but are at the same time colorblind. Change 0 of 0 [|<< First] [|< Previous] [|Next >] [|Last >>]
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Dogs Vision Color

It is not true that dogs are completely colourblind. While dogs do not have the same color vision as humans, they are able to tell yellow from blue. Like a human with red-green colourblindness, they are unable to tell the difference between red and green.

The reason for this limited range, in both the colourblind human and the dog, is that there are only two kinds of colour receptors in the retinas of their eyes. While most humans have three kinds of colour cells, with three different receptor molecules sensitive to blue, greenish-yellow, and red, dogs only have receptors for yellow and greenish-blue.